Respondent Rock Against Racism (RAR), furnishing its own sound equipment and technicians, has sponsored yearly programs of rock music at the Naumberg Acoustic Bandshell in New York City's Central Park. The city received numerous complaints about excessive noise at RAR's concerts from users of the nearby Sheep Meadow, an area designated by the city for passive recreation, from other users of the park, and from residents of areas adjacent to the park. Moreover, when the city shut off the power after RAR ignored repeated requests to lower the volume at one of its concerts, the audience became abusive and disruptive. The city also experienced problems at bandshell events put on by other sponsors, who, due to their use of inadequate sound equipment or sound technicians unskilled at mixing sound for the bandshell area, were unable to provide sufficient amplification levels, resulting in disappointed or unruly audiences. Rejecting various other solutions to the excessive noise and inadequate amplification problems, the city adopted a Use Guideline for the bandshell which specified that the city would furnish high quality sound equipment and retain an independent, experienced sound technician for all performances. After the city implemented this guideline, RAR amended a preexisting District Court complaint against the city to seek damages and a declaratory judgment striking down the guideline as facially invalid under the First Amendment. The court upheld the guideline, finding, inter alia, that performers who had used the city's sound system and technician had been uniformly pleased; that, although the city's technician ultimately controlled both sound volume and mix, the city's practice was to give the sponsor autonomy as to mix and to confer with him before turning the volume down; and that the city's amplification system was sufficient for RAR's needs. Applying this Court's three-part test for judging the constitutionality of governmental regulation of the time, place, and manner of protected speech, the court found the guideline valid. The Court of Appeals reversed on the ground that such regulations' method and extent must be the least intrusive upon the freedom of expression as is reasonably necessary to achieve the regulations' purpose, finding that there were various less restrictive means by which the city could control excessive volume without also intruding on RAR's ability to control sound mix.
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Over the years, the city received numerous complaints about excessive sound amplification at respondent's concerts from park users and residents of areas adjacent to the park. On some occasions, RAR was less than cooperative when city officials asked that the volume be reduced; at one concert, police felt compelled to cut off the power to the sound system, an action that caused the audience to become unruly and hostile. App. 127-131, 140-141, 212-214, 345-347.
Before the 1984 concert, city officials met with RAR representatives to discuss the problem of excessive noise. It was decided that the city would monitor sound levels at the edge of the concert-ground, and would revoke respondent's event permit if specific volume limits were exceeded. Sound levels at the concert did exceed acceptable levels for sustained periods of time, despite repeated warnings and requests that the volume be lowered. Two citations for excessive volume were issued to respondent during the concert. When the power was eventually shut off, the audience became abusive and disruptive.
The dissent's suggestion that the guideline constitutes a prior restraint is not consistent with our cases. See post at 491 U. S. 808-809. As we said in Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad, 420 U. S. 546 (1975), the regulations we have found invalid as prior restraints have "had this in common: they gave public officials the power to deny use of a forum in advance of actual expression." Id. at 420 U. S. 553. The sound amplification guideline, by contrast, grants no authority to forbid speech, but merely permits the city to regulate volume to the extent necessary to avoid excessive noise. It is true that the city's sound technician theoretically possesses the power to shut off the volume for any particular performer, but that hardly distinguishes this regulatory scheme from any other; government will always possess the raw power to suppress speech through force, and indeed it was in part to avoid the necessity of exercising its power to "pull the plug" on the volume that the city adopted the sound amplification guideline. The relevant question is whether the challenged regulation authorizes suppression of speech in advance of its expression, and the sound amplification guideline does not.
United States v. Albertini, 472 U. S. 675 (1985), for example, involved a person's right to enter a military base, which, unlike a public park, is not a place traditionally dedicated to free expression. Id. at 472 U. S. 687 (commanding officer's power to exclude civilians from a military base cannot "be analyzed in the same manner as government regulation of a traditional public forum"). Nor can isolated language from JUSTICE WHITE's opinion in Regan v. Time, Inc., 468 U. S. 641, 468 U. S. 657 (1984), which commanded the votes of only three other Justices, be construed as this Court's definitive explication of the narrow tailoring requirement.
Significantly, the National Park Service relies on the very methods of volume control rejected by the city -- monitoring sound levels on the perimeter of an event, communicating with event sponsors, and, if necessary, turning off the power. Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 21. In light of the Park Service's "experienc[e] with thousands of events over the years," ibid., the city's claims that these methods of monitoring excessive sound are ineffective and impracticable are hard to accept.
The 4-prong cords for both the range and dryer are configured with the ground and neutral wires separated. They each have the two flat hot wires on either side of the plug, and they each have the round ground wire placed at the top of the plug. The neutral wire on each plug is shaped differently just like that of the 3-prong plug.
Homes built before the mid-1990s were constructed with 3-prong outlets for their 220/240 appliances, such as ranges and dryers. In 1996, the National Electric Code (NEC) required all new construction to make the change to 4-prong 220/240-volt outlets.
Do not substitute the power cord with one that is not the providedapproved type. If a 3 prong plug is provided, never use an adapter plugto connect to a 2-wire outlet as this will defeat the continuity of thegrounding wire.
Nowadays, most homes have various tools and gadgets that use a significant amount of electricity. Having enough power outlets in your home, condo, or mobile home could be difficult. You most likely have cords and power strips to assist you in powering up your home.
Power strips are frequently used in office spaces and other commercial settings. They are not to be confused with surge protectors and are intended to convert a single outlet into multiple outlets. A power strip can be plugged into a wall outlet. The power strip can then be used to power multiple devices.
Power strips frequently include a master switch that turns off power to the entire strip, making it easy to turn off power to all connected appliances at once. Other models, on the other hand, include individual switches for every socket, allowing for greater flexibility in terms of preferentially cutting off the power supply, as some equipment, such as computers and printers, cannot simply be unplugged as this could damage them. 2ff7e9595c
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